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...Unit metal forming introduction can be defined as a process in which the desired size and shape are obtained through deformation of metals plastically under action externally applied forces processes like rolling forging drawing etc gaining ground lately it is due to fact that wasteless highly economical they give high dimensional accuracy easy formability for complex shapes good surface finish with metallurgical properties based upon plastic finding out complete information stresses strains developed application loads comprehensive study calculations required start there three conditions satisfied while going stress estimation should equilibrium at all points volume remain same before after strain relationship material maintained two methods analysing lower bound method upper main objective find yield body its distribution this helps estimating load initiation maximum value bear if single e g only tensile or compressive then measured easily by diagram but reality different on make thu...