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...Sheet metal forming one of the oldest processes more than years old can create light weight and versatile shapes carbon steel most commonly used low cost good strength formability include roll stretch superplastic peen drawing explosive rubber magnetic pulse spinning stamping operations punching lancing blanking piercing embossing perforating bending parting flanging notching coining shearing basic operation is subjected to shear stresses as punch die interact fig components are punched hole slug mechanics edges zone not smooth starts with formation cracks at top bottom workpiece eventually meet separation occurs generate rough fracture surfaces a left rubbing sheared edge wall shiny burnished...