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...Cambridge university press applied metal forming including fem analysis henry s valberg excerpt more information characteristics of is one manufacturing method among many in order to manufacture a machine component such as wheel suspension arm for car can choose casting or machining the shaping these three methodscanbeconsideredcompetingprocesses themethodchosenwillusuallybe that provides product with proper function and properties at lowest cost inthischapter characteristicsofthesethreeshapingmethodswillbedescribed special emphasis on when used create intended shape acomponentthroughplasticdeformationsofaninitial workpiece simple denition refers metallic materials by means plastic defor mation term deformation describes permanent change con trast elastic an disappears load removed manyindustrialmaterialsareshapedintousefulproductsbyplasticdefor clay material shaped before it red becomeanalusefulsolidceramicmaterial inaddition polymermaterialsarecom monlyshapedinmeltedconditionbymeanso...