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...View metadata citation and similar papers at core ac uk brought to you by provided helsingin yliopiston digitaalinen arkisto biodiversity conservation o kluwer academic publishers printed in the netherlands ecology urban planning e jari niemela department of systematics p box fin university helsinki finland mail fax received february accepted revised form august abstract areas harbour diverse nature ranging from semi natural habitats wastelands parks other highly human uenced biotopes with their associated species assemblages maintenance this for residents its intrinsic value face increasing population expanding cities requires that ecological knowledge should be better integrated into achieve goal understanding patterns processes ecosystems is needed rst step necessary research nd out what kind exists second about important required although are same as rural some them such invasion alien more prevalent than conditions third based on management schemes maintaining diversity designed t...