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...Recommendations for converting a manual titration procedure into an automated margareth r c marques horacio pappa michael chang lori spafford klein lucia meier u s pharmacopeia metrohm usa international headquarters switzerland contact author mrm usp org introduction while several methods assays in compendial monographs are being converted to chromatographic or other quantitative procedures still plays important role pharmaceutical analytical and processes applications such as distinguishing between carbonate bicarbonate monobasic dibasic phosphate salts only feasible by making fit purpose method example water determination karl fischer kf is highly selective sensitive enough reach the ppm level industry already utilizing modern instruments reliable content many refer visual endpoint indication with color indicators oldest of determining equivalence point it frequently used proposed different guidance documents inexpensive requires few pieces equipment however can be tedious determine ...