levelling aim to learn the basic levelling principles theory and applications and to be able to book and reduce levelling data levelling refers to height measurements for representing the relative ...
Filetype PDF | Posted on 15 Sep 2022 | 3 years ago
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...Levelling aim to learn the basic principles theory and applications be able book reduce data refers height measurements for representing relative difference in altitude between various points on earth s surface equipment a device which gives truly horizontal level b suitably graduated staff reading vertical heights types of levels tilting adjustment bubble needed before every measurement dumpy only once after set up c automatic self levelled instruments bench mark reference datum order calculate is required i e this usually mean sea purpose use marks necessary these are classified as follows bm point with known above or other permanent g unchanged by weather conditions provided department lands surveys temporary tbm pre defined not absolute locally surveyor survey based may then later reduced if any target referred rl because it fig line large areas correction curvature common sources errors instrument correctly telescope focused wrong cross hair recorded top instead middle incorrectly...