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...B sc hons zoology dr anita k verma biotechnology associate professor sem vi kirori mal college physical methods of gene transfer genetic transformation discovered by f griffith has revolutionized molecular biology but it was not until the first recombinant dna produced from escherichia coli with use bio chemical scissors called restriction enzymes that cells started requires production fragments transferring into cell membrane permeabilization integration a chromosome and its maintenance replication involves in vitro culture for multiplication clones to select suitable promoters specific over expressing activator genes removing epigenetic silencing introducing heterologous generating strains novel properties improving bioinformatic programs random mutagenesis identify sequences confer resistance antibiotics selective markers produce generate property observed wild type strain reporter characterize involved metabolic route etc direct are those which do bacteria as mediators host genome ...