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...Government college of engineering and research avsari kd unit iv automotive sensors actuators by mr a j bhosale asst professor dept automobile govt electrical electronics syllabus working principle types airflow rate sensor position throttle angle temperature map knock detonation load cell lambda exhaust gas o yaw feedback control electronic ecu actuator engine solenoid motorized stepper motors are the components system that provide inputs enable computer ecm to carry out operations make function correctly in case vehicle it is usually voltage represented code at s processor if this incorrect will probably take as an invalid input record fault used mass air flow maf oxygen concentration possibly heated plate angular crankshaft rpm coolant intake manifold absolute pressure differential speed transmission gear selector...