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...Chapter outline cont d behavioral management theory x and y science organizational environment the open systems view contingency copyright mcgraw hill all rights reserved evolution of source figure scientific modern began in industrial revolution late th century as managers organizations seeking ways to better satisfy customer needs large scale mechanized manufacturing supplanting small craft production which goods were produced social problems developed groups workers employed under factory system focus on increasing efficiency worker task mix f w taylor systematic study relationships between people tasks for purpose redesigning work process higher defined by frederick s replace informal rule thumb knowledge sought reduce time a spent each optimizing way was done increase specialization division labor make more efficient principles gather data about perform their experiment with different improve performance codify methods into written rules standards select who have skills abilities ...