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...Sheet metalworking cutting operation bending drawing other metal forming dies and presses of tube stock introduction thin sheets usually performed as cold working to mm in thick plate advantage high strength good dimensional accuracy surface finish economical mass production low cost localized necking because plasticity terminology punch die tooling perform stamping press machine tool that performs most operations stampings products characteristics elongation the capability stretch without failure yield point lueder s bands on carbon steels al mg alloys luder can be eliminated by rolling thickness y upper lower anisotropy crystallographic mechanical fibering grain size effect properties residual stress springback wrinkling testing method cupping test limit diagram...