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...Mce note metallurgy of welding metallurgical phenomena is a complex process that involves gas metal slag reactions solidification in the solid state annealing recovery grain growth precipitation phase transformation these control weld strength and ductility reactive gases especially n h may be present arc atmosphere due to surface contamination imperfect shielding or purposeful additions dissociate react rapidly with high temperature turbulent liquid pool once dissolved oxygen nitrogen combine deoxidizers such as si ai resulting oxides nitrides remain small inclusions excess rejected during cause porosity e g hydrogen can cracking steels fluxes slags interact molten used flux shielded processes are designed absorb deoxidation products other contaminants cleanliness properties depend on oxidation potential type highly basic reduce content give superior notch toughness acid tend higher contents poor adediran lmu mech dept page also modify composition by transfer alloying elements from di...