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FOREST MANAGEMENT UNIT ESTABLISHMENT AND EFFORTS ON
MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION TOWARDS GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Indonesia
Indonesia with the third largest forest in the world after Brazil and Zaire has an
important role in the efforts to address global climate change. The ongoing
deforestation and forest degradation in Indonesia is considered as one of the
significant suppliers of world’s carbon emission. However, forests in developing
countries still have the role as economic development resources, so the concern
emerges that with on going deforestation and forest degradation for economic
development an increase of green house gases emission from the Indonesian
forestry sector will continue.
To date, deforestation and forest degradation are still ongoing in Indonesia.
Data from the Ministry of Forestry suggests a deforestation rate in Indonesia of 1.8
million ha/yr from 1985 to 1997, an increased rate of 2.8 million ha/yr from 1997 to
2000, and a reduced rate of 1.08 million ha/yr from 2000 to 2005. Figure 1 shows the
decrease of vegetation cover during the period of 1985–2005. During the period of
1985– 987, the decrease of vegetation cover occurred predominately in Sumatra and
Kalimantan. During the period of 1997–2000 this continued and a rapid deforestation
and forest degradation rate also occurred in Papua, followed with a slowing down of
the decrease of vegetation cover during the period of 2000–2005.
Figure 1: Decrease of Vegetation Cover in Indonesia
Forest Cover Change
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The causes of deforestation and forest degradation in Indonesia are as follows:
- Forest fire and encroachment;
- Illegal logging and illegal trading that are triggered by the high demand of timber
and other forest products at the local, national, and global market;
- Permanent conversion of forest areas into agriculture, crop estates and
settlement areas;
- Temporary use of forest area for non-forestry sectors such as mining;
- Forest harvesting without consider SFM principles.
To reduce deforestation and forest degradation and implement sustainable
forest management, the Government of Indonesia endeavors to accelerate the
development of FMUs. The development of the FMU as the basic unit for all forest
resource management in the future is a crucial step forward and a missing link
towards sustainable forest management and conservation across all forest land.
So far the FMU development in Indonesia is limited to the areas of Forest
Estates (Perhutani) on Java except the Province of Yogyakarta and Madura and
parts of the forest conservation areas (National Parks). The FMU development in
these Forest Estates areas had been started since the Dutch colonization time. Up to
1990, there were FMUs outside Java, but because of the strong paradigm of timber
based management the existence of those FMUs were not well developed or
isolated, and the Forestry Service lost the base of forest management in the field
level.
To address the problems of deforestation and degradation in the future two
complementary approaches will be carried out, namely FMU development and the
continuation of the efforts that are continuously done to prevent the deforestation
and forest degradation in general, such as protecting forests from forest fire,
encroachment and illegal logging.
Lesson learned from Java and some National Parks as well as the
experiences in a number of developed countries such as Germany, Switzerland,
Finland and New Zealand, where forest management is implemented through forest
management units, have proven that they provide substantial benefits for the
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government and the society in economic, social and environmental terms. These
observations have become one of the motivating factors for Indonesia to accelerate
the FMU development in forest areas outside of Java. If the establishments of
FMU(s) are supported by adequate management institutions and capacities,
Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) can be implemented on field level.
Forest Management Unit (FMU)
A Forest Management Unit is an area of forest land managed to meet a series
of objectives explicitly determined in a long-term management plan. The overall area
of an FMU has clear boundaries demarcated both in the field and on the map. One
or more forest functions (conservation, protected and production) can be included in
an FMU, but the FMU will be classified by its dominant forest function. Each FMU
can be managed under several different and separated management regimes,
regardless of the dominant objective of the overall FMU.
It is the commitment of the Indonesian government to accelerate the
development of FMU in Indonesia through multi-stakeholders approaches, which is
stipulated through the Law No. 41 of 1999 on Forestry, the Government Regulation
No. 44 of 2004 on Forestry Planning, and the Government Regulation No. 6 of 2007
on Forest Arrangement and Preparation of Forest Management Plan and Forest
Utilization aimed for the establishment of efficient and sustainable forest
management.
In compliance with the above mentioned laws and regulations, the FMU is
perceived as the prerequisite of SFM. The following main FMU development
activities describe important steps towards achieving SFM:
1. Establishment of clearly demarcated FMU areas within the overall forest land, to
guarantee the certainty of management area;
2. Establishment of management institution in each FMU, to develop the capacities
for an institution which has the responsibility to conduct management functions
on field level.
3. Development of forest management plans on FMU level to fulfill the targets
defined in the district, province and national forestry action plans.
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The established FMUs are envisioned to be institutions with the competency
to carry out forest management based on overall forest site and management
planning; prepare the preconditions for issuing forest utilization licenses and
monitoring &evaluation of implementation; monitor temporary use by the non forestry
sector; monitor and evaluate for forest rehabilitation and reclamation; carry out forest
protection and nature conservation; elaborate on forest policies for implementation at
the national, provincial and regency/city; carry out forest management activities
within areas assigned specifically to the management institution of the FMU,
comprising of planning, organization, implementation; monitoring and control and
attract investments to help achieve the forest management objectives.
With these tasks it is expected that the following targets will be achieved:
1. reducing forest degradation
2. achieving sustainable forest management
3. increasing benefits for the forest adjacent communities
4. stabilizing supply of forest products
5. enhancing forest governance
6. accelerating rehabilitation and reforestation
7. facilitating the entry to the carbon market
As stated above, the FMU development has become the governments and
stakeholder’s commitment towards achieving SFM. However, in its implementation
(especially outside of Java) there are still problems and constraints faced.
In general, some of the main problems faced in the FMU development are:
1. Content and comprehensiveness of laws and regulations;
2. Resource mobilization especially in the planning and implementation of the FMU
development programme by all stakeholders in an integrated manner;
3. The quantity and qualifications of human resources for the FMU organization;
4. Awareness and concern of all stakeholders at the national level, as well as at the
provinces and districts;
5. Availability of budget and development priorities.
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