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...Introduction invented by binnig and rohrer at ibm in nobel prize physics i n also the atomic force microscope afm stanford u niversity topographic real space images spectroscopic electronic structure density of states resolution several orders magnitude better than best electron quantum mechanical tunnel effect situ capable localized non destructive measurements or modifications material science semiconductor metallurgy electrochemistry molecular biology scanning probe microscopes spm designed based on technology stm theory principle tunneling current a sharp conductive tip is brought to within few angstroms surface conductor sample applied bias voltage fermi levels shift wave functions electrons overlap those from one other lower potential system can be described as model between two infinite parallel plane metal surfaces e level f function work throug h rectangular barrier...