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...How does afm work afms operate by measuring force between a probe and the sample normally is sharp tip which um tall pyramid with nm end radius though lateral resolution of low due to convolution vertical can be up acquire image generally measure deflections cantilever using optical lever operates reflecting laser beam off reflected strikes position sensitive photo detector consisting four segment differences segments signals indicate spot on thus angular made from piezoelectric materials are that create electricity when subjected mechanical stress they will also in reverse moving back forth application an electric field abilities has three major measurement imaging manipulation forces because relies these impact not measured directly but calculated deflection knowing stiffness hooke s law gives f kz where k z distance bent reaction imposes it used form dimensional shape topography surface at high this achieved raster scanning respect recording height corresponds constant interaction f...